Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE): Key Points 1. Reasons (Causes): • Insufficient oxygen or blood flow to the brain due to: • Birth complications (e.g., umbilical cord issues, placental abruption). • Cardiac arrest or severe hypotension. • Respiratory failure or asphyxia. • Stroke or near-drowning incidents. 2. Symptoms: • Mild: Irritability, poor feeding, lethargy, or abnormal muscle tone. • Severe: Seizures, unresponsiveness, irregular breathing, or coma. 3. Diagnosis: • Clinical signs, br