Carol M. Kopp edits features on a wide range of subjects for Investopedia, including investing, personal finance, retirement planning, taxes, business management, and career development. Some active ...

There are two formulae for standard deviation. \(s = \sqrt {\frac{{\sum {{{(X - \bar X)}^2}} }}{{n - 1}}}\) (where n is the sample size). The second formula is a re ...

Microsoft Excel’s mathematical capabilities often go far beyond the needs of most everyday users. However, Excel’s built-in statistical functions make it an essential tool for anyone who works with ...

Standard deviation is the statistical measurement of dispersion about an average, which depicts how widely a stock or portfolio’s returns varied over a certain period of time. Investors use the ...

Standard deviation and variance are two basic mathematical concepts that have an important place in various parts of the financial sector, from accounting to economics to investing. Both measure the ...

Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet and data analysis program, is available as a stand-alone program or as a component of the Microsoft Office productivity suite. Excel 2007 included a number of new ...

In response to my article, Is the Stock Market Too Concentrated?, which relied upon standard-deviation calculations to assess investment risk, a reader wrote: “My problem [with your argument] is ...

Rapid temperature flips from hot to cold extremes have increased across the world, according to a new study published in Nature Communications. These flips, which may negatively impact ecosystems and ...

Sample standard deviation is an essential statistical measure that helps to understand the variability within a specific sample dataset. It is widely used to analyze data in various fields, such as ...