Abstract: Over the past two decades, the popularity of messaging systems has increased both in enterprise and consumer level. Many of these systems used secure protocols like end-to-end encryption to ...

Evidence of a particle made up of four tightly bound quarks tests physicists’ understanding of the force that holds protons and neutrons together. The particles in a hadron are bound tightly together ...

The audio version of this article is generated by AI-based technology. Mispronunciations can occur. We are working with our partners to continually review and improve the results. Bob McDonald looks ...

Fleeting connection Artist’s impression of toponium, which is a top quark and antitop quark that are briefly bound by an exchange of gluons. (Courtesy: D Dominguez/CERN) For decades, physicists ...

For decades, physicists have relied on the principle of symmetry to simplify and understand the complex behaviors of subatomic particles. Symmetry in physics basically means that some rules of nature ...

There’s a pencil lying on my desk right now. It’s not much to look at, but what if I could zoom way in and see the protons and other itty-bitty stuff inside it? My friend Ryan Corbin told me it would ...

Is there a time of day or night at which nature's heaviest elementary particle stops obeying Einstein's rules? The answer to that question, as bizarre as it seems, could tell scientists something very ...

The futurist Arthur C. Clarke famously said that “any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Well, a team of physicists just showed that a common particle production method ...

Queen Mary University of London physicist Professor Chris White, along with his twin brother Professor Martin White from the University of Adelaide, have discovered a surprising connection between the ...

For decades, scientists have been striving to build "quantum computers" that leverage the bizarre laws of quantum mechanics to achieve far greater processing power than traditional computers. A ...

Atomic nuclei, composed of protons and neutrons, hide quarks and gluons at their core. These latter particles, still challenging to study, have long eluded scientists. In the mid-20th century, ...

Quantum entanglement has made its way to the top. Scientists have measured the strange quantum phenomenon of entanglement in top quarks, the heaviest fundamental subatomic particles known. It’s the ...