A stock's historical variance measures the difference between the stock's returns for different periods and its average return. A stock with a lower variance typically generates returns that are ...

Learn how to calculate stock beta in Excel using historical price data and formulas—enhance your investment analysis with ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Mega-cap concentration, uneven AI-driven tech performance, and international opportunities favor active stock selection over passive ETFs for risk management and tailored income strategies in 2025.